Thomas Edison Biography

Thomas Edison (1847 – 1931) was an American inventor and businessman who developed and made commercially available many key inventions of modern life. His Edison Electric company was a pioneering company for delivering DC electricity directly into people's homes. He filed over 1,000 patents for a variety of different inventions. Crucially, he used mass-produced techniques to make his inventions available at low cost to households across America. His most important inventions include, the electric light bulb. the phonograph, the motion picture camera, an electric car and electric power station.

None of my inventions came by accident. I see a worthwhile need to be met and I make trial after trial until it comes. What it boils down to is one per cent inspiration and ninety-nine per cent perspiration.

Thomas Edison, interview 1929

Short Biography Thomas Edison

thomas-edisonThomas Edison was born in Milan, Ohio on Feb 11, 1847, the youngest of seven siblings. His parents were middle class, though they were not wealthy, especially when the railroad bypassed Milan, forcing the family to move to Port Huron, Michigan. He attended only three months of formal schooling, he irritated his teacher with his repeated questioning and inability to just follow instructions. He was largely disinterested at school, and was mainly self-educated through reading. He took upon it himself to read every book on the library shelf. By the age of 12, he was reading Sir Isaac Newton's famous work - Principa Mathematica. However, Edison was not impressed by the complex maths of Newton, and resolved to try and make science more understandable.

As a youngster he tried various odd jobs to earn a living. This including selling candy, vegetables and newspapers. He had a talent for business, and he successfully printed the Grand Trunk Herald along with his other newspapers. This included selling photos of his hero, Abraham Lincoln. He was able to spend his extra income on a growing chemistry set.

Unfortunately, from an early age, Edison developed a severe deafness, which ultimately left him almost 90% deaf. He would later refuse any medical treatment, saying it would be too difficult to retrain his thinking process. He seemed to take his deafness in his stride, and never saw it as a disability.

edisonEdison had a big break when he saved a young boy on the railway track from being struck by a runaway train. His grateful father, J.U. Mckenzie, had Edison trained as a telegraph operator, and aged 19, Edison moved to Louisville, Kentuck to work as a telegraph operator for Western Union.

From childhood, Edison loved to experiment, especially with chemicals. however, these experiments often got Edison into difficulties. A chemistry experiment once exploded on a train, and when working on a night shift at Western Union, his lead acid battery leaked sulphuric acid through the floor onto his boss' desk. Edison was fired the next day.

However, Edison was undimmed and despite scrapping by in impoverished conditions for the next few years, he was able to spend most of his time working on inventions. He received his first patent in June 1, 1869 for the stock ticker. This would later earn him a considerable sum.

In the 1870s, he sold the rights to the quadruplex telegraph to Western Union for $10,000. This gave him the financial backing to establish a proper research laboratory and extend his experiments and innovations. Edison once described his invention methods as involving a lot of hard work, and repeated trial and error until a method was successful.

During all those years of experimentation and research, I never once made a discovery. All my work was deductive, and the results I achieved were those of invention, pure and simple. I would construct a theory and work on its lines until I found it was untenable. ... I speak without exaggeration when I say that I have constructed 3,000 different theories in connection with the electric light, each one of them reasonable and apparently likely to be true. Yet only in two cases did my experiments prove the truth of my theory.

- "Talks with Edison" by G.P Lathrop in Harpers magazine, Vol. 80 (Feb. 1890), p. 425

By 1877, he had developed the phonograph (an early form of the gramophone player) This received widespread interest, and people were astonished at one of the first audio recording devices. This unique invention, earned Edison the nickname 'The Wizard of Menlo Park' Edison's device would later be improved upon by others, but he made a big step in creating the first recording device.

With William Joseph Hammer, Edison started producing the electric light bulb, and it was a great commercial success. Edison's great advance was to use a carbonised bamboo filament that could last over 1,000 hours. In 1878, he formed the Edison Electric light Company to profit from this invention. Edison successfully predicted that he could make electric light so cheap, it would soon come universal. To capitalise onthe success of the electric light bulb, he also work on electricity distribution. His first power station was able to distribute DC current to 59 customers in lower Manhattan.

Edison's studios now took up two blocks, and it was able to stock a huge range of natural resources, meaning that almost anything and everything could be used in trying to improve designs. This was a big factor in enabling Edison to be so successful in this era of innovation.

During the fledgling years of electricity generation, Edison became involved in a battle between his DC current system and the AC (alternative current) system favoured by George Westinghouse (and developed by Nikola Tesla, who worked for Edison for two years before leaving in a pay dispute.)

This became known as the 'current war' and both sides were desparate to show the superiority of their system. The Edison company even, on occasion, electrocuted animals to show how dangerous the rival AC current was.
During World War One, Edison was asked to serve as a naval consultant, but Edison only wanted to work on defensive weapons. He was proud that he made no invention that could be used to kill. He maintained a strong belief in non-violence.

"Nonviolence leads to the highest ethics, which is the goal of all evolution. Until we stop harming all other living beings, we are still savages."

Edison was also a great admirer of the enlightenment thinker Thomas Paine. He wrote a book praising Paine in 1925, he also shared similar religious beliefs to Thomas Paine - no particular religion, but belief in a Supreme Being.

Edison made many important inventions and development in media. These included the Kinetoscope (or peep hole view), the first motion pictures and improved photographic paper.

After the death of his first wife, Mary Stilwell in 1884, Edison left Menlo Park and moved to West Orange, New Jersey. In 1886, he remarried Mina Miller. In West Orange, he became friends with industrial magnate, Henry Ford and was an active participant in the Civitan club - which involved doing things for the local community. His pace of invention slowed down in these final years, but he still kept busy, such as trying to find a domestic source of natural rubber. He was also involved in the first electric train to depart from Hoboken in 1930.

Throughout his life, he took an active interest in correct diet, and believed a good diet could play a large role in improving health. In 1903, he was quoted as saying:

The doctor of the future will give no medicine, but will instruct his patient in the care of the human frame, in diet and in the cause and prevention of disease.

He had six children, three from each marriage. Edison died of diabetes in October 18, 1931.

Citation : Pettinger, Tejvan. "Biography of Thomas Edison", Oxford, www.biographyonline.net, 06/02/2013

Quotes by Thomas Edison

Through all the years of experimenting and research, I never once made a discovery. I start where the last man left off. ... All my work was deductive, and the results I achieved were those of invention pure and simple.

As quoted in Makers of the Modern World : The Lives of Ninety-two Writers, Artists, Scientists, Statesmen, Inventors, Philosophers, Composers, and Other Creators who Formed the Pattern of Our Century (1955) by Louis Untermeyer, p. 227

We don't know a millionth of one percent about anything.

As quoted in Golden Book (April 1931), according to Stevenson's Book of Quotations (Cassell 3rd edition 1938) by Burton Egbert Stevenson

If we did all the things we are capable of doing, we would literally astound ourselves.

As quoted in Motivating Humans : Goals, Emotions, and Personal Agency Beliefs (1992) by Martin E. Ford, p. 17

To invent, you need a good imagination and a pile of junk.

As quoted in Behavior-Based Robotics (1998) by Ronald C. Arkin. p. 8

Just because something doesn't do what you planned it to do doesn't mean it's useless.



Everyone steals in commerce and industry. I've stolen a lot, myself. But I know how to steal! They don't know how to steal!

As quoted in Tesla : The Modern Sorcerer (1999) by Daniel Blair Stewart, p. 411

I consider Paine our greatest political thinker. As we have not advanced, and perhaps never shall advance, beyond the Declaration and Constitution, so Paine has had no successors who extended his principles.

The Philosophy of Paine (1925)

In 'Common Sense' Paine flared forth with a document so powerful that the Revolution became inevitable. Washington recognized the difference, and in his calm way said that matters never could be the same again..

The Philosophy of Paine (1925)